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Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in another order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.
Approximately 3,106 species are currently clarified, using a few hundred more left to be clarified. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .
Like ants and some bees and wasps in the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females called"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies using several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 decades.
Colonies are called superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human civilizations and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as pests which can cause serious damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are considered as invasive species. .
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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equivalent ) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of their fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered by the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the prior word tarmes.
The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of their close relationship between termites and cockroaches.
Termites were previously put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely related to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of the symbiotic gut check my blog flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted comparable morphological traits between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis click for more info from 16S rRNA sequences8 affirmed the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the sequence Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus stocks the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, but Cryptocercus takes good care of its own young and exhibits other social behaviour like trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some investigators have suggested that a more conservative measure of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites in family level and below.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they're categorized in precisely the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and ancient fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and such insects, they probably originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin would be the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological resemblance to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest detected is thought to be by the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the earliest known faecal pellets were discovered.22 Claims that footprints arose earlier have confronted controversy.
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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may return to the Late Permian, 251 million go to this site years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., though, consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively categorized as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded from the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics which are not shared with other termites, like laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is because of their sociality that's because of convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years back.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large in comparison to that of other insects; the first fully sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while two subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.